|
The bombing of Guernica (26 April 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. It was carried out at the behest of the Spanish nationalist government by its allies, the German air force's Condor Legion and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria, under the code name Operation Rügen. The bombing is considered one of the first raids on a defenceless civilian population by a modern air force.〔Sanz, Miguel Angel. ''Mémoires d’un p’tit gars des faubourgs de Madrid Pilote de chasse de la République''. TMA Éditions ISBN 2-915205-06-X〕 The number of victims of the attack is still disputed; the Basque government reported 1,654 people killed, although modern figures suggest between 126〔 ("Verdades sobre Gernika" ) ''Deia''. Retrieved 17 September 2013.〕 (later revised by the authors of the study to 153〔 ("Los gernikarras hemos recibido desde niños por transmisión oral lo que fue el bombardeo" ) Euskonews. Retrieved 17 September 2013.〕) and 400 civilians died.〔Corum, James S. (1998) "Inflated by Air. Common perceptions of civilian casualties from bombing". Air War College.〕〔("The legacy of Guernica" ) BBC. Retrieved 17 September 2013.〕 Russian archives reveal 800 deaths on 1 May 1937, but this number may not include victims who later died of their injuries in hospitals or whose bodies were discovered buried in the rubble.〔Abrosov, Sergei. ''V nebe Ispanii, 1936–1939 gody''. Moscow 2003.ISBN 978-5-699-25288-6〕 The bombing was the subject of a famous anti-war painting by Pablo Picasso. It was also depicted in a woodcut by the German artist Heinz Kiwitz,〔Siegfried Gnichwitz, ("Heinz Kiwitz: gekämpft · vertrieben · verschollen" ) (PDF) Stiftung Brennender Dornbusch. Folder from an exhibition in honor of the 100th anniversary of Kiwitz' birth. Liebfrauenkirche, Duisburg (7 November – 5 December 2010), pp. 4–5. Retrieved 10 February 2012 〕 who was later killed fighting in the International Brigades.〔Thomas Becker, ("Willkommen im Club" ) ''Der Westen'' (7 October 2008). Retrieved 11 February 2012 〕 The bombing shocked and inspired many other artists, including a sculpture by René Iché, one of the first electroacoustic music pieces by Patrick Ascione, of a musical composition by René-Louis Baron and poems by Paul Eluard (''Victory of Guernica''), and Uys Krige (''Nag van die Fascistiese Bomwerpers'') (English translation from the Afrikaans: ''Night of the Fascist Bombers''). There is also a short film from 1950 by Alain Resnais entitled ''Guernica''. ==Guernica== Guernica (Gernika in Basque; officially Gernika-Lumo), in the Basque province of Biscay, and 30 kilometres east of Bilbao, has long been a centre of great significance to the Basque people. Its Gernikako Arbola ("the tree of Gernika" in Basque) is an oak tree that symbolizes traditional freedoms for the Biscayan people and, by extension, for the Basque people as a whole. Not only was Guernica considered the identity of Basque, but it was also considered the spiritual capital of Basque people.〔Peter, McMillan. (27 April 1937). Guernica, Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPguernica.ht〕 Guernica has always been celebrated as the home of Basque liberties.〔Thomas, Hugh. (1961). ''The Spanish Civil War''. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode〕 Guernica was also the location of the Spanish weapons manufacturer Astra-Unceta y Cía, which had been a supplier of firearms to the Spanish military and police forces since 1912. At the time of the bombing, the population of Guernica was 7,000 people, and the battlefront was 30 kilometres away. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bombing of Guernica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|